What is the difference between summarizing and paraphrasing?
When is paraphrasing important?
Why is paraphrasing important in academic writing?
Paraphrasing strategy:
Understand the text’s meaning. Read the original carefully, then read it again.
Do NOT look at the original when writing your paraphrased version.
Be sure NOT to change the MEANING of the text.
Be careful with verb tenses, as getting them wrong can easily change the meaning. Ex: "Krispy Kreme said it will spend 12 million baht to open another Bangkok store." is very different from "The donut-maker invested 12 million baht in another store."
The important thing about paraphrasing is that there is no “minimum amount” you can do. You must change the sentences and their wording so much that they do not look the same anymore. Use as many of the following techniques as possible:
Paraphrasing techniques:
1. Synonyms fast → quick → rapid → accelerated → hurried → swift
2. Word forms (verbs←→nouns ←→ adjectives, etc.) satisfy, satisfaction, satisfying, satisfactory
← →
3. Active ←→ Passive voice The company exports products to Germany.
Products are exported to Germany by the company.
4. Affirmative ←→ Negative (in comparisons) Asian students are better at math than Western students.
Western students are worse at math than Asian students.
5. Word order gold prices
prices of gold
Todd’s class
the class of Todd
6. Connectors Changing FANBOYS, coordinating conjunctions, adverbs, etc.
Ex.: consequently -> therefore -> hence
although -> despite
7. Sentence types Simple sentences -> compound or complex.
Compound or complex -> simple sentences.
8. Phrases ←→ Clauses Thai Airways’ decision to launch a new airline (PHRASE)→ Thai Airways decided to launch a new airline (CLAUSE)
Summarizing
Summarizing is another way to use information, like quotes and paraphrasing, from outside sources to support your ideas.
Summarizing condenses a writer's words and summarizes the main ideas.
Summarized texts must still be cited to the original author.
Summarizing strategies:
Read the text and make sure you understand it.
Locate and highlight the main points. A good place to start are the topic sentences for each paragraph.
Rewrite the material using the main points you found, but leave out the evidence and examples.
Review (or … summary, if you prefer :P)
Summarizing
Paraphrasing
Content
Summary of the main points only. No supporting details.
Everything from the original.
Writing
Rewrite in your own wording. No copying.
Rewrite in your own wording. No copying.
Length
Approximately 30 percent of the original's length.
About the same length. (Maybe slightly shorter if you wrote it better than the original.)
Citation
Must cite the original author. Otherwise is plagiarism.
Must cite the original author. Otherwise is plagiarism.
http://bit.ly/tsa2uZ
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing strategy:
The important thing about paraphrasing is that there is no “minimum amount” you can do. You must change the sentences and their wording so much that they do not look the same anymore. Use as many of the following techniques as possible:
Paraphrasing techniques:
1. Synonyms
fast → quick → rapid → accelerated → hurried → swift
2. Word forms (verbs ←→ nouns ←→ adjectives, etc.)
satisfy, satisfaction, satisfying, satisfactory
← →
3. Active ←→ Passive voice
The company exports products to Germany.
Products are exported to Germany by the company.
4. Affirmative ←→ Negative (in comparisons)
Asian students are better at math than Western students.
Western students are worse at math than Asian students.
5. Word order
gold prices
prices of gold
Todd’s class
the class of Todd
6. Connectors
Changing FANBOYS, coordinating conjunctions, adverbs, etc.
Ex.: consequently -> therefore -> hence
although -> despite
7. Sentence types
Simple sentences -> compound or complex.
Compound or complex -> simple sentences.
8. Phrases ←→ Clauses
Thai Airways’ decision to launch a new airline (PHRASE)→ Thai Airways decided to launch a new airline (CLAUSE)
Summarizing
Summarizing strategies:
Review (or … summary, if you prefer :P)